2026全球绿色供应链趋势：碳合规如何影响制造企业出口？

2026年的绿色供应链正在从企业自愿披露，逐步进入产品设计、采购审核、进口申报和持续数据管理。

对制造企业最重要的变化包括：

1. 部分产品的嵌入碳排放进入欧盟进口流程；
2. 海外买家要求更完整的材料、能源和供应商数据；
3. 耐用、可维修、可回收与再生材料信息受到更多关注；
4. 数字产品护照推动产品信息跨生命周期流动；
5. 数据质量开始影响供应商选择、合规成本与交付风险。

欧盟委员会确认，碳边境调节机制（CBAM）正式阶段自2026年1月1日起适用，当前覆盖水泥、钢铁、铝、化肥、电力和氢等特定商品。

CBAM不是适用于所有出口产品的统一碳税。企业必须先确认具体海关编码、产品范围、进口数量和责任主体。

一、CBAM为什么会影响欧盟以外的制造商？

CBAM的直接申报和证书义务主要由欧盟进口商或其间接海关代表承担，但进口商需要上游制造商提供可靠数据，例如：

• 商品分类与产品范围；
• 生产设施和生产工艺；
• 产品产量；
• 适用的直接与间接排放；
• 数据计算边界和方法；
• 已支付碳价的相关信息；
• 必要的验证材料。

制造商如果无法及时提供一致、可复核的数据，进口商可能面临更高的默认值、合规成本和申报风险，并可能转向数据能力更成熟的供应商。

二、绿色合规正在从企业层面深入到产品层面

传统环境管理通常关注工厂体系、年度能源消耗和企业报告。新的产品规则更关注：

• 这个型号用了什么材料；
• 材料来自哪里；
• 生产过程消耗了多少能源；
• 产品是否耐用、可维修和可升级；
• 是否含有影响循环利用的物质；
• 产品版本改变后数据是否同步更新。

欧盟《可持续产品生态设计法规》（ESPR）已于2024年生效，并允许针对不同产品组制定耐用性、可维修性、资源效率、再生材料、碳足迹和信息披露要求。

需要注意：ESPR是框架法规，具体要求会按产品组逐步制定，并非所有产品在同一时间承担相同义务。

三、数字产品护照要求企业持续管理产品数据

数字产品护照（DPP）旨在通过可扫描载体提供产品可持续性与合规信息。其价值不只是增加一个二维码，而是使材料、产品、经营者和监管信息能够按权限访问。

制造企业需要逐步建立：

• 材料清单与供应商信息；
• 产品和部件唯一标识；
• 批次与序列号；
• 环境和碳数据；
• 有害物质和再生材料信息；
• 维修、拆解与回收信息；
• 技术文件与工程版本；
• 数据更新责任和保留期限。

如果销售、工程、采购和生产使用不同版本的BOM，数字产品护照只会暴露数据不一致。

四、绿色合规不等于购买一张证书

常见误区包括：

• 用ISO环境管理体系证书代替产品法规；
• 使用行业平均值，却不说明数据边界；
• 产品或材料变化后不更新文件；
• 无法追溯关键原材料与二级供应商；
• 销售资料、BOM和实际生产不一致；
• 在客户询问时才临时收集数据；
• 把“低碳”“环保”作为营销词，却没有验证依据。

未来的绿色竞争力不仅是更低排放，还包括数据是否准确、连续、可追溯和可验证。

五、制造企业五步准备法

第一步：识别产品与市场范围

• 确认目标国家；
• 核验海关编码；
• 判断是否直接适用CBAM、ESPR实施措施或其他规则；
• 明确进口商、制造商和第三方机构的责任。

第二步：建立材料与供应商清单

记录：

• 材料名称、牌号和重量；
• 原产地与供应商；
• 生产设施；
• 批次；
• 替代材料；
• 关键二级供应商。

第三步：建立能源与排放数据

优先从高能耗工序、适用产品和主要客户开始，逐步记录：

• 电力、燃料和蒸汽；
• 工序能耗；
• 产品产量；
• 废料与返工；
• 数据来源与计量方式。

第四步：统一产品版本

确保：

• 设计图纸、BOM、采购材料和生产版本一致；
• 工程变更经过批准；
• 替代材料触发重新评估；
• 客户和合规文件及时更新。

第五步：形成标准数据包

对外说明：

• 数据范围；
• 计算方法；
• 统计周期；
• 原始数据来源；
• 第三方验证情况；
• 不确定性与适用边界；
• 联系人与更新流程。

六、绿色供应商评估模型

对于不直接适用CBAM的产品，也可以把材料追溯、能源数据和版本管理作为供应商成熟度指标。

七、采购商应如何提出绿色数据要求？

采购商应避免向所有供应商发送一份过度宽泛的问卷。更有效的做法是：

1. 明确产品、法规和使用目的；
2. 区分强制要求与客户自愿要求；
3. 说明数据格式、周期和验证标准；
4. 给供应商合理准备时间；
5. 对关键数据进行抽查或第三方验证；
6. 将变更通知写入质量与采购协议。

常见问题

CBAM是否适用于所有出口欧盟的产品？

不适用。当前仅覆盖特定行业和海关编码，企业应核验欧盟官方范围和最新规则。

制造商是否必须自己购买CBAM证书？

通常由欧盟授权CBAM申报人承担证书义务。境外制造商主要负责提供可靠的生产与排放数据。

数字产品护照是否已经适用于所有产品？

没有。ESPR提供制度框架，具体产品要求将通过后续实施措施逐步确定。

没有完整碳数据时应该怎么办？

先从适用产品、主要工序和关键材料建立数据基线，明确缺口与假设，不要把未经核验的估算描述为精确结果。

2026年绿色供应链的变化，不只是增加一项环保认证，而是把材料、能源、排放和产品版本转化为可持续管理的数据。

能够提供准确、连续和可验证数据的制造商，会更容易降低客户合规成本，并在欧洲及其他高标准市场建立长期信任。

在 stellar.shop 上继续行动

• 在RFQ中写明材料追溯、环境体系与目标市场要求；
• 按产品与合规能力筛选候选供应商；
• 要求供应商提供适用范围清楚、版本一致的资料。

参考来源

• 欧盟委员会：CBAM正式阶段
• 欧盟委员会：Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism
• 欧盟委员会：Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation
• 欧盟委员会：ESPR常见问题

The green supply chain in 2026 is gradually moving from voluntary disclosure by companies to product design, procurement audits, import declarations, and continuous data management.

The most important changes for manufacturing companies include:

1. Embedded carbon emissions from some products are entering the EU import process;
2. Overseas buyers are demanding more complete data on materials, energy, and suppliers;
3. Information on durable, repairable, recyclable, and recycled materials is receiving more attention;
4. Digital product passports are driving the flow of product information across the product lifecycle;
5. Data quality is beginning to impact supplier selection, compliance costs, and delivery risks.

The European Commission has confirmed that the formal phase of the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) will be applicable from January 1, 2026, currently covering specific commodities such as cement, steel, aluminum, fertilizers, electricity, and hydrogen.

CBAM is not a uniform carbon tax applicable to all exported products. Companies must first confirm the specific customs code, product range, import quantity, and responsible party.

I. Why does CBAM affect manufacturers outside the EU?

The direct declaration and certification obligations under CBAM are primarily borne by EU importers or their indirect customs representatives. However, importers require reliable data from upstream manufacturers, such as:

• Commodity classification and product range;
• Production facilities and processes;
• Product output;
• Applicable direct and indirect emissions;
• Data calculation boundaries and methods;
• Relevant information on carbon pricing already paid;
• Necessary verification materials.

If manufacturers cannot provide consistent and verifiable data in a timely manner, importers may face higher default values, compliance costs, and declaration risks, and may turn to suppliers with more mature data capabilities.

II. Green compliance is penetrating from the enterprise level to the product level

Traditional environmental management typically focuses on factory systems, annual energy consumption, and corporate reporting. The new product rules focus more on:

• What materials are used in this model;

Where do the materials come from;

How much energy is consumed in the production process;

Is the product durable, repairable, and upgradable;

Does it contain substances that affect recycling;

Is the data updated synchronously after product version changes?

The EU's Sustainable Ecodesign Regulation (ESPR) came into effect in 2024 and allows for the development of durability, repairability, resource efficiency, recycled materials, carbon footprint, and disclosure requirements for different product groups.

Note: The ESPR is a framework regulation; specific requirements will be developed gradually for each product group, and not all products will be subject to the same obligations at the same time.

III. Digital Product Passport Requires Companies to Continuously Manage Product Data

The Digital Product Passport (DPP) aims to provide product sustainability and compliance information through a scannable medium. Its value goes beyond simply adding a QR code; it enables access to materials, products, business information, and regulatory information based on authorized permissions.

Manufacturing companies need to gradually establish:

• Bill of Materials (BOM) and supplier information;
• Unique product and component identifiers;
• Batch and serial numbers;
• Environmental and carbon data;
• Information on hazardous substances and recycled materials;
• Repair, dismantling, and recycling information;
• Technical documents and engineering versions;
• Data update responsibilities and retention periods.

If sales, engineering, purchasing, and production use different versions of the BOM, the digital product passport will only expose inconsistencies.

IV. Green Compliance Is Not Just About Buying a Certificate

Common misconceptions include:

• Using ISO environmental management system certificates instead of product regulations;
• Using industry averages without specifying data boundaries;
• Failure to update documents after product or material changes;
• Inability to trace key raw materials and secondary suppliers;
• Inconsistencies between sales data, BOM, and actual production;
• Collecting data only when customers inquire;
• Using "low-carbon" and "environmentally friendly" as marketing terms without verification.

Future green competitiveness is not just about lower emissions, but also about accurate, continuous, traceable, and verifiable data.

V. Five-Step Preparation Method for Manufacturing Enterprises

Step 1: Identify Product and Market Scope

• Confirm target countries;
• Verify customs codes;
• Determine if CBAM, ESPR implementation measures, or other rules directly apply;
• Clarify the responsibilities of importers, manufacturers, and third-party institutions.

Step 2: Establish a Materials and Supplier List

Record:

• Material name, grade, and weight;
• Country of origin and supplier;
• Production facilities;
• Batch;
• Alternative materials;
• Key Tier 2 suppliers.

Step 3: Establish Energy and Emissions Data

Start with high-energy-consuming processes, applicable products, and major customers, and gradually record:

• Electricity, fuel, and steam;
• Process energy consumption;
• Product output;
• Waste and rework;
• Data sources and measurement methods.

Step 4: Unify Product Versions

Ensure:

• Consistency between design drawings, BOM, procured materials, and production versions;
• Approval of engineering changes;
• Reassessment triggered by alternative materials;
• Timely updates to customer and compliance documents.

Step 5: Create Standard Data Packages

External Description:

• Data Scope;
• Calculation Method;
• Statistical Period;
• Original Data Source;
• Third-Party Verification Status;
• Uncertainties and Applicable Boundaries;
• Contact Person and Update Process.

VI. Green Supplier Assessment Model

For products not directly applicable to CBAM, material traceability, energy data, and version management can also be used as supplier maturity indicators.

VII. How Should Purchasers Specify Green Data Requirements?

Purchasingers should avoid sending an overly broad questionnaire to all suppliers. A more effective approach is to:

1. Clearly define the product, regulations, and intended use;
2. Distinguish between mandatory requirements and customer-voluntary requirements;
3. Specify the data format, cycle time, and verification standards;
4. Allow suppliers reasonable preparation time;
5. Conduct spot checks or third-party verification of key data;
6. Include change notifications in the quality and procurement agreement.

Frequently Asked Questions

Does CBAM apply to all products exported to the EU?

No. Currently, it only covers specific industries and customs codes. Companies should verify the official EU scope and the latest regulations.

Must manufacturers purchase CBAM certificates themselves?

Certificate obligations are usually undertaken by CBAM declarants authorized by the EU. Foreign manufacturers are primarily responsible for providing reliable production and emissions data.

Is the Digital Product Passport already applicable to all products?

No. ESPR provides the regulatory framework; specific product requirements will be determined gradually through subsequent implementation measures.

What should I do if I don't have complete carbon data?

First, establish a data baseline based on applicable products, key processes, and critical materials, clearly identifying gaps and assumptions. Avoid describing unverified estimates as precise results.

The changes to green supply chains by 2026 are not just about adding an environmental certification, but about transforming materials, energy, emissions, and product versions into data for sustainable management.

Manufacturers who can provide accurate, continuous, and verifiable data will find it easier to reduce customer compliance costs and build long-term trust in Europe and other high-standard markets.

Continue the Action on stellar.shop

• Specify material traceability, environmental systems, and target market requirements in your RFQs;
• Screen candidate suppliers based on product and compliance capabilities;
• Require suppliers to provide clearly defined and consistent documentation.

References

• European Commission: CBAM Formal Phase
• European Commission: Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism
• European Commission: Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation
• European Commission: ESPR Frequently Asked Questions